Topic+2

__2.1 Cell theory__

 * 2.1.1 ||
 * Outline the cell theory. ||
 * 2.1.2 ||
 * Discuss the evidence for the cell theory. ||
 * 2.1.3 ||
 * State that unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life. ||
 * 2.1.4 ||
 * Compare the relative sizes of molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells, using the appropriate SI unit. ||
 * 2.1.5 ||
 * Calculate the linear magnification of drawings and the actual size of specimens in images of known magnification. ||
 * 2.1.6 ||
 * Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size. ||
 * 2.1.7 ||
 * State that multicellular organisms show emergent properties. ||
 * 2.1.8 ||
 * Explain that cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but not others. ||
 * 2.1.9 ||
 * State that stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathways. ||
 * 2.1.10 ||
 * Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells. ||
 * 2.1.8 ||
 * Explain that cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but not others. ||
 * 2.1.9 ||
 * State that stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathways. ||
 * 2.1.10 ||
 * Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells. ||
 * 2.1.10 ||
 * Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells. ||
 * Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells. ||

__2.2 Prokaryotic cells__

 * 2.2.1 ||
 * Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an example of a prokaryote. ||
 * 2.2.2 ||
 * Annotate the diagram from 2.2.1 with the functions of each named structure. ||
 * 2.2.3 ||
 * Identify structures from 2.2.1 in electron micrographs of E. coli. ||
 * 2.2.4 ||
 * State that prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission. ||
 * 2.2.4 ||
 * State that prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission. ||
 * State that prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission. ||

__**2.3 Eukaryotic cells**__

 * 2.3.1 ||
 * Draw and label a diagram of the ultrastructure of a liver cell as an example of an animal cell. ||
 * 2.3.2 ||
 * Annotate the diagram from 2.3.1 with the functions of each named structure. ||
 * 2.3.3 ||
 * Identify structures from 2.3.1 in electron micrographs of liver cells. ||
 * 2.3.4 ||
 * Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. ||
 * 2.3.5 ||
 * State three differences between plant and animal cells. ||
 * 2.3.6 ||
 * Outline two roles of extracellular components. ||
 * 2.3.5 ||
 * State three differences between plant and animal cells. ||
 * 2.3.6 ||
 * Outline two roles of extracellular components. ||
 * Outline two roles of extracellular components. ||

__2.4 Membranes__
2.4.1 Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of membranes. 2.4.2 Explain how the hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of phospholipids help to maintain the structure of cell membranes. 2.4.3 List the functions of membrane proteins. 2.4.4 Define diffusion and osmosis. 2.4.5 Explain passive transport across membranes by simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion. 2.4.6 Explain the role of protein pumps and ATP in active transport across membranes. 2.4.7 Explain how vesicles are used to transport materials within a cell between the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane. 2.4.8 Describe how the fluidity of the membrane allows it to change shape, break and re-form during endocytosis and exocytosis.

__2.5__ __Cell division__
2.5.1 Outline the stages in the cell cycle, including interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis and cytokinesis. 2.5.2 State that tumours (cancers) are the result of uncontrolled cell division and that these can occur in any organ or tissue. 2.5.3 State that interphase is an active period in the life of a cell when many metabolic reactions occur, including protein synthesis, DNA replication and an increase in the number of mitochondria and/or chloroplasts. 2.5.4 Describe the events that occur in the four phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase). 2.5.5 Explain how mitosis produces two genetically identical nuclei. 2.5.6 State that growth, embryonic development, tissue repair and asexual reproduction involve mitosis.