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Genetically Modify Humans
   Figure 1 : Babies picture (BBC, 2008)

How would engineering humans done?  The affect of genetic engineering is change the animals or plants own DNA by enzymes cut up some DNA from some animals or plants and put the DNA to the other anamals or plants DNA as shown as figure 2 below. (BBC, 2008)It is different from cloning. The specifics of cloning are that cloning produced exact copies and genes replicated exactry same. However, the specifics of genatic engineering are that produce not exactry same one. They have something different DNA from the originals. Moreover, the constructure of DNA are different from the original one.Now a days, it is possible to __<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">engeneering humans gene __. It has some impacts for humans life. First of all, it may improve treatment of disease and more it is possible to create clone of creatures include humans. Moreover, humans would be live longer by engineering genes. There are two common ways to modifining humans that are __somatic cell manipulation__ and __Germline manipuration__.(wikipedia, 2008) <span style="color: rgb(230, 15, 15)">(A lot of Spelling mistakes! MrC)

<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(161, 7, 233); font-family: Georgia,serif">How a bacterium's genetic make-up can modified by splicing a gene into its DNA. <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(3, 3, 3)"><span style="font-size: 70%; color: rgb(16, 15, 15); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Figure2 : <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(161, 7, 233); font-family: Georgia,serif"><span style="font-size: 80%; color: rgb(14, 12, 12); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">How a bacterium's genetic make-up can modified by splicing a gene into its DNA.(BBC, 2008)

**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(217, 18, 18); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif"><span style="color: rgb(62, 244, 223)">What is Somatic Cell manipulation? **   <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(217, 18, 18); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif"><span style="color: rgb(32, 29, 29); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">The way of Somatic cell manipulation is take transferring nucleus from a somatic cell to the cytoplasm that is in an egg or sperm cells. The description of somatic cells is that all the cells in the body expect gametes genes that did not pass DNA onto next generation.(WIkipedia, 2008) (Engineering Humans,2008) <span style="font-size: 20pt; font-family: HGS創英角ｺﾞｼｯｸUB">

<span style="font-size: 17pt; color: rgb(96, 235, 227); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif">What is Germline manipulation?
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">The way of ermline manipulation is change genes in eggs, very early embryos or sperms. It changes in the germ cells and it can modified our inheritance. The description of germline cells is that gemline cells which are sperm or eggs pass DNA from one generation to the next. It still have ethical problems yet, but some of the inheritence scietisits are argue to attempt this tequnique. (WIkipedia, 2008)(Engineering Humasns, 2008)   <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size: 18pt; color: rgb(51, 153, 102); font-family: HGS創英角ｺﾞｼｯｸUB"><span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(94, 231, 60); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">**<span style="color: rgb(46, 204, 99); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif">Benefits of somatic cell manipulation ** <span style="color: rgb(46, 204, 99); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">(Genetic manipulation in animals,2008) >> <span style="font-size: 18pt; color: rgb(51, 153, 102); font-family: HGS創英角ｺﾞｼｯｸUB"><span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(94, 231, 60); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">**<span style="color: rgb(46, 204, 99); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif">Limitation and Disadvantage of cell modify human **
 * <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">If we create organs by somatic call manipulation and used to treat the people who need to change some parts of organs, it would be low risks the people to get rejections because: the organs are made by their own cells.
 * <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">It can correct the patient's immun system who are inborn error or we can make the cell that would be against our own cancer.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">It is possible to make people’s immune system stronger.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">It would make people life span longer.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">We can make the clone of animals (include humans) by this technology     <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">We can modify people to more intelligent.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">We can modify people to nice looking.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">We can modify people's character.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">We can modify people's character.

<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">(ActionBioscience, 2008) <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(217, 18, 18); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif"><span style="color: rgb(32, 29, 29); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(25, 0, 255); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif"> >>
 * ==<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> ==
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">We can't plant animal DNA into humans.
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">We can't take humans for experiments.
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">We can't make humans clones.
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">There are risks of heath.
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">There are risks of some impacts on environment in earth.
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Some of the people believe the religion that don't aloud people to modify genes.
 * <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">If people live longer because of engineering genes, it would have some impact of world p <span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">opulation.

<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(25, 0, 255); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif">Ethical Issue
<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(25, 0, 255); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif">

<span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Now a day, it is possible to make new types of animals or plants by engineering genes. There are a lot of ideas about what can kind of new animals or plants can we create for example, plant, animal and human combinations, animal and animal combinations and more animal and human combinations. However, there are a lot of Ethical problems. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">First of all, engineering genes might have some impact of people health. What if the engineering genes bring new types of disease? Beside, engineering genes might have risks of long-term effect on the environment. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Moreover, if we prove everything by engineering genes and if we be perfect people, we would be confused what the real humans are <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Further, there are some religions that not around to modify genes. and also it would be illegal in the international lows. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size: 90%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">It is difficult to challenge modify humans now because of those ethical problems. We need think and discuss more should we genetically modify humans or not. It is the big question of 21st century. (ActionbioScience, 2008)

<span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(156, 233, 68); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif"><span style="color: rgb(195, 157, 236)">Here is a video that explaining about ethical issue of engineering genes ↓ [|Ethical Concerns WIth Genetic Engineering] <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">(YouTube, 2006) <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(156, 233, 68); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(156, 233, 68); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif">

<span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(156, 233, 68); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">In my opinion, people need to make some rules and low for engineering genes. I think it is nice to treat any disease by engineering. <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">However, if we create some new types of animals and humans, it would be against to the nature of the earth. It would have some impact on our health and environment of earth I think. Because: now a day, it is a fact the genetically modified food has some health problems. The reason of this is modify genes by humans are against to environment in the earth I think. <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size: 120%; color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">Moreover, if we modify our self to be perfect humans, we can’t be finding out individual characters between people I think. <span style="color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="color: rgb(3, 3, 3); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"> <span style="font-size: 140%; color: rgb(235, 40, 228); font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif">WORK OUT <[|http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/glenn.html>.</span]>
 * **Human genetic engineering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." __Main Page - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia__. 18 Apr. 2008. 20 Apr. 2008** [|**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetic_engineering**]**.**
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック'"> **Massay, Rachel. "Engineering Humans." __Online @ SFSU__. 15 Mar. 2001. 20 Apr. 2008** [|**http://online.sfsu.edu/%7Erone/GEessays/engineerhumans.html**]
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック'"> **"ADVANCED TRANSGENESIS AND CLONING: Genetic Manipulation in Animals." __NIST Advanced Technology Program__. 20 Apr. 2008** [|**http://www.atp.nist.gov/atc/atc-3.htm**]**.**
 * __ Postgradu __ "Post-natal somatic cell gene therapy. Culver KW, - J Postgrad Med." __Journal of ate Medicine: Free full text articles from JPGM, India__. 12 Feb. 2004. 20 Apr. 2008 [|http://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=1994;volume=40;issue=1;spage=23;epage=30;aulast=Culver.</span]>
 * "BBC - GCSE Bitesize - Biology | Variation | Genetic engineering." __BBC - Homepage__. 20 Apr. 2008. 20 Apr. 2008 [|http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/variationandinheritance/4cloningandgenengrev5.shtml.</span]>
 * "Ethical Issues in Genetic Engineering and Transgenics (ActionBioscience)." __ActionBioscience.org examines bioscience issues in biodiversity, environment, genomics, biotechnology, evolution, new frontiers in the sciences, and education. Includes peer-reviewed articles, class lessons, and educator resources.__. 20 Apr. 2008
 * **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック'">２１世紀の医学は何が変わろうとしているか？ ." __<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'ＭＳ Ｐゴシック'">遺伝子組み換え __ . 3 June 2007. 2008. 20 Apr. 2008 < [|http://www5f.biglobe.ne.jp/~terux/idensi5.htm] >. **
 * ** "Ethical concern with genetic engineering ".__Youtube.__ 2006 **

<span style="color: rgb(228, 27, 27)">__**Mr.Covington's Comments**__

-Good information -Lots of spelling mistakes-limited use of vocab -Only one one-world issue

Crit A: 3 Crit B: 3