Topic+3

__3.1 Chemical elements and water__

 * 3.1.1 ||
 * State that the most frequently occurring chemical elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. ||
 * 3.1.2 ||
 * State that a variety of other elements are needed by living organisms, including sulfur, calcium, phosphorus, iron and sodium. ||
 * 3.1.3 ||
 * State one role for each of the elements mentioned in 3.1.2. ||
 * 3.1.4 ||
 * Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of water molecules to show their polarity and hydrogen bond formation. ||
 * 3.1.5 ||
 * Outline the thermal, cohesive and solvent properties of water. ||
 * 3.1.6 ||
 * Explain the relationship between the properties of water and its uses in living organisms as a coolant, medium for metabolic reactions and transport medium. ||
 * 3.1.5 ||
 * Outline the thermal, cohesive and solvent properties of water. ||
 * 3.1.6 ||
 * Explain the relationship between the properties of water and its uses in living organisms as a coolant, medium for metabolic reactions and transport medium. ||
 * Explain the relationship between the properties of water and its uses in living organisms as a coolant, medium for metabolic reactions and transport medium. ||

__3.2__ __Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins__

 * 3.2.1 ||
 * Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds. ||
 * 3.2.2 ||
 * Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from diagrams showing their structure. ||
 * 3.2.3 ||
 * List three examples each of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. ||
 * 3.2.4 ||
 * State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants. ||
 * 3.2.5 ||
 * Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides. ||
 * 3.2.6 ||
 * State three functions of lipids. ||
 * 3.2.7 ||
 * Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage. ||
 * 3.2.6 ||
 * State three functions of lipids. ||
 * 3.2.7 ||
 * Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage. ||
 * 3.2.7 ||
 * Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage. ||

__3.3 DNA structure__

 * 3.3.1 ||
 * Outline DNA nucleotide structure in terms of sugar (deoxyribose), base and phosphate. ||
 * 3.3.2 ||
 * State the names of the four bases in DNA. ||
 * 3.3.3 ||
 * Outline how DNA nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds into a single strand. ||
 * 3.3.4 ||
 * Explain how a DNA double helix is formed using complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonds. ||
 * 3.3.5 ||
 * Draw and label a simple diagram of the molecular structure of DNA. ||
 * Explain how a DNA double helix is formed using complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonds. ||
 * 3.3.5 ||
 * Draw and label a simple diagram of the molecular structure of DNA. ||
 * Draw and label a simple diagram of the molecular structure of DNA. ||

__3.4__ __DNA replication__

 * 3.4.1 ||
 * Explain DNA replication in terms of unwinding the double helix and separation of the strands by helicase, followed by formation of the new complementary strands by DNA polymerase. ||
 * 3.4.2 ||
 * Explain the significance of complementary base pairing in the conservation of the base sequence of DNA. ||
 * 3.4.3 ||
 * State that DNA replication is semi-conservative. ||
 * 3.4.3 ||
 * State that DNA replication is semi-conservative. ||

__**3.5**__ __**Transcription and translation**__

 * 3.5.1 ||
 * Compare the structure of RNA and DNA. ||
 * 3.5.2 ||
 * Outline DNA transcription in terms of the formation of an RNA strand complementary to the DNA strand by RNA polymerase. ||
 * 3.5.3 ||
 * Describe the genetic code in terms of codons composed of triplets of bases. ||
 * 3.5.4 ||
 * Explain the process of translation, leading to polypeptide formation. ||
 * 3.5.5 ||
 * Discuss the relationship between one gene and one polypeptide. ||
 * Explain the process of translation, leading to polypeptide formation. ||
 * 3.5.5 ||
 * Discuss the relationship between one gene and one polypeptide. ||
 * Discuss the relationship between one gene and one polypeptide. ||

__3.6__ __Enzymes__

 * 3.6.1 ||
 * Define enzyme and active site. ||
 * 3.6.2 ||
 * Explain enzyme–substrate specificity. ||
 * 3.6.3 ||
 * Explain the effects of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on enzyme activity. ||
 * 3.6.4 ||
 * Define denaturation. ||
 * 3.6.5 ||
 * Explain the use of lactase in the production of lactose-free milk. ||
 * Define denaturation. ||
 * 3.6.5 ||
 * Explain the use of lactase in the production of lactose-free milk. ||
 * Explain the use of lactase in the production of lactose-free milk. ||

__3.7__ __Cell respiration__

 * 3.7.1 ||
 * Define cell respiration. ||
 * 3.7.2 ||
 * State that, in cell respiration, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP. ||
 * 3.7.3 ||
 * Explain that, during anaerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be converted in the cytoplasm into lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide, with no further yield of ATP. ||
 * 3.7.4 ||
 * Explain that, during aerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be broken down in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP. ||
 * 3.7.4 ||
 * Explain that, during aerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be broken down in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP. ||
 * Explain that, during aerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be broken down in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP. ||

__3.8__ __Photosynthesis__

 * 3.8.1 ||
 * State that photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy. ||
 * 3.8.2 ||
 * State that light from the Sun is composed of a range of wavelengths (colours). ||
 * 3.8.3 ||
 * State that chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment. ||
 * 3.8.4 ||
 * Outline the differences in absorption of red, blue and green light by chlorophyll. ||
 * 3.8.5 ||
 * State that light energy is used to produce ATP, and to split water molecules (photolysis) to form oxygen and hydrogen. ||
 * 3.8.6 ||
 * State that ATP and hydrogen (derived from the photolysis of water) are used to fix carbon dioxide to make organic molecules. ||
 * 3.8.7 ||
 * Explain that the rate of photosynthesis can be measured directly by the production of oxygen or the uptake of carbon dioxide, or indirectly by an increase in biomass. ||
 * 3.8.8 ||
 * Outline the effects of temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis. ||
 * State that ATP and hydrogen (derived from the photolysis of water) are used to fix carbon dioxide to make organic molecules. ||
 * 3.8.7 ||
 * Explain that the rate of photosynthesis can be measured directly by the production of oxygen or the uptake of carbon dioxide, or indirectly by an increase in biomass. ||
 * 3.8.8 ||
 * Outline the effects of temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis. ||
 * 3.8.8 ||
 * Outline the effects of temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis. ||