Narisa+G10

=   = == //... **Should We Genetically Modify Humans ****??? **////...// ==



==  Genetic engineering is a process which scientists transfer genes from one species to another completely unrelated species. It refers to a set of technologies that are being used to change the genetic structure of cells and move genes across species to produce organisms. Usually this is done in order to get one organism to produce proteins, which it wouldn't be produced naturally. The genes have been taken from one another species. As the picture in figure 1 has shown the element of genetic engineering.   There is debate about whether genetic engineering should be used or not, and to what degree. There are many problems that can occur from the process and many of these cannot be kept away from currently. There are known problems and there is also the fact that the whole process is irregular and unexpected problems could bring up.  = =
 * //__Human Genetic Engineering__  //**:
 * **How would it be done? **

- <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">Human Cloning: <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: Verdana"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">How human clones are being made for medical research. There are many arguments for and against human cloning research why human cloning now looks a last-century way to fight disease. Why some people want to clone themselves or even to clone the dead, and not just cloning pets. <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">The picture in figure 2 below shows <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">cloning with an asexual form of reproduction which all the child's genes would come from a body cell of a single individual. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: 'Pea Lis'"> ** Figure 2: ** cloning with an asexual (2003) <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(255, 102, 0); font-family: 'Pea Lis'">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">Healthy humans do not need gene therapy to survive live a socially acceptable lifespan, although it may prove helpful to treat certain diseases. <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">Genetic technology harbors the potential to change the human species forever. <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"> The first possibility is to evolve by incorporation of fake technologies into our body, alpha chip for our brain, and cybernetic extensions or replacements for other body parts. However, in this way we will become effectively cyber to higher and higher degree. This process can end with total transfer of our awareness to the cyberspace and we will then get rid of biological bodies’ altogether.
 * **<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(28, 201, 212); font-family: 'Pea Lis'">In what causes might this be justified? **

<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">We can use genetic engineering to make our children better, more developed organisms. We can clone ourselves and make some genetic improvements in genetic code of these cloning or we can change our very own genetic structure on the fly, for example our own body during a lifetime. If you are thinking of genetic engineering then you are cutting off the only caring way for the mankind.

<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(28, 201, 212); font-family: 'Pea Lis'"> <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(28, 201, 212); font-family: 'Pea Lis'"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana"> - <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">Extremely complex interrelated progression consisting of many species linked in the food succession. Some scientists believe that introducing genetically modified genes may have an effect with results <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">that we don’t know right now <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">.
 * **<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(28, 201, 212); font-family: 'Pea Lis'">What are the disadvantages? **

<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">- Genetic engineering has been impossible until recent times due to the complex and microscopic nature of DNA and its component nucleotides. <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204)">- <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204)">A genetic disorder is a condition caused by the genetic code of the individual//.// When this happens, genes may be expressed in unfavorable ways or not at all, and this generally leads to further complications.

<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">- Some view aging and death as medical conditions and therefore potential targets for engineering solutions. <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">- <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">The main potential harm of genetic engineering is related with reproduction horizontal gene transfer experimentation. Horizontal gene transfer occurs commonly in nature. Genes can be exchanged between different bio-species. But the frequency of these natural transfers is limited by the defense systems.

<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana"> Ethics <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">"These techniques raise ethical concerns involving human fertility with respect to both genetic information and genetic manipulation. The US$3 billion Human Genome Project supported by the US National Institute of Health can be expected to provide profound insights into the process of human development as well as providing ways of correcting, eliminating or enhancing a variety of genetically-related conditions." (William Grey, <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">1996) <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana">Genetic engineering is an amazing science advancing at such a fast rate, but because of moral and ethical concerns, research into this new technology has been limited.
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(28, 201, 212); font-family: 'Pea Lis'"> **<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(28, 201, 212); font-family: 'Pea Lis'">What are the one world issues? (Political, economic, social, religion, etc.) **<span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(28, 201, 212); font-family: 'Pea Lis'">

<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(255, 153, 204); font-family: Verdana"> Obviously, genetic engineering brings more harms than benefit. We should use different channels to influence the direction of research, against the cruel treatment of animals used in genetic experiments, and against the policy of not labeling genetic engineered food products. Nevertheless, care is needed in reading scientific reports. Many scientific reports in the United States have been overstated for the sake of competition. It is suitable to view clearly before offering criticism. Anyway, there is no need to worry that scientists might soon create a group of freaks and monsters. The genetic system is an extremely complex process. Genetic engineers will quickly realize their limitations. We still have enough time to avert potential disasters. **
 * <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: rgb(28, 201, 212); font-family: 'Pea Lis'"> ** My own opinion about Human Genetic Engineering **

References ** Salleh, Anna. "Genetically Modified Human Babies." 8 May 2001. 18 Apr. 2008 < [|http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s290619.htm>.<span] style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">

"Cloning and Genetic Modification." 30 Sept. 2003. 18 Apr. 2008 < [|http://www.arhp.org/patienteducation/onlinebrochures/cloning/index.cfm?ID=282>. </span] >

"Human Genetic Engineering." 18 Apr. 2008 < [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetic_engineering>. </span] >

"What is Genetic Engineering?" 8 Oct. 2005. 18 Apr. 2008 < [|http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_environment/genetic_engineering/what-is-genetic-engineering.html>.<span] style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">

"Genetic Engineering Advantages & Disadvantages." 28 Apr. 2006. 19 Apr. 2008 < [|http://www.biology-online.org/2/13_genetic_engineering.htm>. </span] >

Dykinga, Jack. __Genetic Engineering Wheat__. 2008. United States. 19 Apr. 2008.

<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"> Bohlin, Dr. Ray. "Human Genetic Engineering." 14 July 2002. 20 Apr. 2008 <[|http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/humgeneng.html>. </span]>

<span style="font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif"> Grey, William. "The Ethics of Human Genetic Engineering." Mar. 1996. 20 Apr. 2008 <[|http://www.uq.edu.au/~pdwgrey/pubs/geneth.html>.</span]>

<span style="color: rgb(212, 33, 33)">__**<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif"><span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif"> Mr. Covington's Comments**__

-No in text references. -Only 1 one-world issue
 * -What does clonning allow for genetic modification?

Crit A: 3 Crit B: 3** <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0)">